• Because of failure of RPE cells edema occurs in the eye.
• Macular edema comprises:-
• Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)
• Neovascularisation
• Diabetic Edema

CME
It is called CME because, it occurs in the macula and forms cyst like spaces in the retinal tissue.

Etiology

• Vasculature and Inflammatory diseases
• Extracellular accumulation of fluid.

Symptoms

• Visual impairment
• Metamorphopsia
• Flickering
• Macropsia/Micropsia

Diagnosis

• Slit lamp examination
• FFA - Fluorescein angiography images show your Eye M.D. if any blood vessels are leaking and how much leakage there is.
• OCT - Because macular edema occurs inside the layers of retina tissue, you may have a test called fluorescein angiography, or another called optical coherence tomography (OCT) to help make an accurate diagnosis.
• It measures the thickness of the retina and is also very sensitive at detecting swelling and fluid.

Treatment

• Preventive
• Medical
• Surgical

Preventive Treatment

• Keep underlying Systemic diseases well Controlled-
• DM
• HIV/CMV
• BP/Lipid control

Medical Treatment

• Topical Therapy – NSAIDS, Steroids
• Systemic Therapy-NSAIDS, Steroids, Diuretics
• Unique Posterior Segment Drug Delivery
• Trans-scleral
• Intravitreal – ( Kenalog, Macugen,Lucentis, Avastin)
• Injection
• Implant (Biodegradable / Nonbiodegradable)

Surgical Treatment

• Nd:YAG vitreolysis
• Pars Plana Vitrectomy/Membrane Peel
• Focal/Grid Photocoagulation
• Photo-Dynamic Therapy (PDT)